As artificial intelligence evolves, the next wave of innovation is not just about generating text or images but about enabling intelligent agents that can act, automate, and coordinate across multiple devices. Microsoft’s UFO³, also known as UFO 3, represents one of the most advanced open-source agent frameworks available today. Built as an expansion of the earlier UFO² system, UFO³ introduces multi-device orchestration, dynamic workflow generation, and cross-platform automation, making it a powerful solution for developers, researchers, and organizations seeking intelligent automation at scale.
This blog explores what UFO³ is, its architecture, capabilities, differences from UFO², and why it is becoming an essential framework for the future of agent-based automation.
What is Microsoft UFO³?
UFO³ (UFO 3) is Microsoft’s latest open-source framework designed to create and orchestrate intelligent agents across multiple devices. Unlike traditional agents that operate on a single system, UFO³ extends automation across Windows, Linux, Android, and other platforms. It introduces a model called the Galaxy Framework, which organizes tasks through dynamic DAG structures and coordinates multiple devices simultaneously.
UFO³ is not merely a tool for automation. It is a multi-device, multi-agent ecosystem that allows AI models to perceive applications, decompose tasks, plan workflows, interact with interfaces, and execute actions safely.
The Evolution from UFO² to UFO³
Before UFO³, Microsoft introduced UFO², a Desktop AgentOS focused on automating interactions within the Windows environment. UFO² brought deep OS-level integration, hybrid GUI and API actions, and stable task execution. It remains an LTS version and is particularly suited for learners or single-device automation.
UFO³ builds on this foundation and expands it into a multi-device landscape. Instead of handling one system at a time, it coordinates tasks across several machines using the new Galaxy orchestration framework.
Key Differences
| Feature | UFO² | UFO³ Galaxy |
| Device Support | Windows only | Windows, Linux, Android |
| Workflow Model | Sequential | DAG-based parallel workflows |
| Use Case | Desktop automation | Multi-device orchestration |
| Complexity | Low | Moderate to advanced |
| Cross-device collaboration | Not supported | Fully supported |
Core Components of UFO³ Galaxy
UFO³ introduces several new concepts that make multi-device orchestration possible. These components work together to plan, coordinate, and execute tasks across a digital ecosystem.
1. Constellation Agent
The Constellation Agent acts as the brain of the Galaxy system. It takes a user request and converts it into a structured Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). Each task in the DAG is assigned dependencies and execution rules, enabling optimized parallel execution.
2. Task Orchestrator
The Task Orchestrator schedules and monitors tasks as they move through the DAG. It ensures safe execution through mechanisms like:
- Real-time task coordination
- Device capability matching
- Automatic recovery from errors
- Parallel workflow execution
3. Unified Agent Interaction Protocol (AIP)
AIP is a WebSocket-based communication system that enables agents across different devices to interact securely and reliably. It ensures fault tolerance, reconnects automatically during interruptions, and maintains synchronization during multi-step workflows.
4. Device Agents
Each device, such as a Windows PC or a Linux machine, runs a Device Agent. These device agents receive tasks from the Constellation Agent and execute them using system-level capabilities. For Windows, UFO² acts as the device agent.
Key Features of UFO³
Dynamic DAG Task Planning
UFO³ does not rely on static workflows. It uses declarative task decomposition to generate dynamic DAGs. These DAGs can update themselves based on execution feedback, allowing the system to adapt to unexpected events or environment changes.
Asynchronous Multi-Device Execution
The framework supports asynchronous execution across multiple devices. Tasks that do not depend on each other can run simultaneously, improving speed and efficiency.
Cross-Platform Support
UFO³ supports:
- Windows
- Linux
- Android
Future integrations are expected to expand compatibility.
Model Context Protocol (MCP) Support
UFO³ uses MCP to integrate tools, enhance capabilities, and allow developers to create custom device agents easily.
Safety and Reliability
The framework includes safety locks, formal verification for concurrency handling, and robust error-handling to ensure smooth execution even under complex workloads.
Practical Applications of UFO³
UFO³ can be applied in various industries and automation scenarios:
1. Enterprise IT Automation
Coordinate tasks across multiple desktops, servers, and mobile devices.
2. Cross-Platform App Testing
Automate GUI interactions on different operating systems simultaneously.
3. Intelligent Helpdesk Automation
Trigger workflows that involve retrieving logs from Windows, analyzing them on a Linux server, and generating reports on another device.
4. Smart Multi-Agent Systems
Develop complex agent ecosystems for research and AI experimentation.
5. Large-Scale Robotic Process Automation
Replace rigid RPA systems with adaptive, intelligent workflows.
Why UFO³ Is a Major Breakthrough
UFO³ represents a new stage in intelligent automation. It combines the power of LLM-driven reasoning with reliable system-level control across devices. Its dynamic workflows, asynchronous execution model, and platform-agnostic capabilities make it a game-changing framework.
As organizations look for more efficient, flexible automation systems, frameworks like UFO³ will become central to how digital agents collaborate, learn, and operate.
Conclusion
Microsoft UFO³ is a groundbreaking framework that transforms how intelligent agents operate across devices. By merging deep system integration with multi-device orchestration, DAG-based workflows, and real-time coordination, UFO³ delivers a powerful ecosystem for building future-ready automation solutions. Whether you are a researcher, enterprise developer, or automation engineer, UFO³ provides the tools to create intelligent systems that scale across platforms and environments. As multi-device AI workflows become the norm, UFO³ stands at the forefront, enabling flexible, dynamic, and intelligent agent-based automation.
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